According to Confucius, The Book of Songs served these four purposes, which

summarize the basic functions and values of literature. "Stimulation" means that

the appreciation of literary works arouses imagination, stimulates reflection

on society and life, and inspires aspirations and interests. "Contemplation"

means that reading leads to understanding nature, society, life, and politics.

"Communication" means that reading encourages discussion with others, and

exchange of thoughts and feelings. "Criticism" means learning how to critically

express oneself about state affairs and voice inner feelings. These four functions

are closely associated and involve the aesthetic, cognitive, and educational

functions of literature. Later scholars have continued to make original

contributions to the study of these themes.